Good single-volume treatments of the crusades: H. E. Mayer,
The Crusades, trans. J. Gillingham (Oxford, 1972), J. Riley-Smith,
The Crusades (New Haven/London, 1987), J. Riley-Smith, The
Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades (Oxford, 1995), and
C. Tyerman, The Invention of the Crusades (Toronto/London,
1998).
The historiography of the crusades: for colonialism
and other theories, see J. A. Brundage, The Crusades: Motives
and Achievements (Lexington, Mass., 1964), J. Riley-Smith.
The First Crusaders, 1095-1131 (CUP, 1997), and C. Tyerman,
Invention, above; for a strong statement of the papal position,
see J. Riley-Smith, What were the Crusades? (London, 1977);
for the lemming theory, see P. Alphandéry and A. Dupront, La
Chrétienté et l'idée de Croisade, 2 vols. (Paris,
1954, 1959) and N. Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millennium (Oxford,
1970); for exemples of excellent recent work on the role of popular enthusiasm,
see Gary Dickson, "The Advent of the Pastores (1251)," Revue Belge
de Philologie et d'Histoire 66.2 (1988): 249-67, or his "The
Flagellants and the Crusades," Journal of Medieval History
15 (1989): 227-67; on the role of kings, families and feudal society,
see J. France, "Patronage and the Appeal of the First Crusade," in The
First Crusade: Origins and Impact, ed. J. Phillips (Manchester, 1997),
pp. 5-20; S. Lloyd, English Society and the Crusade, 1216-1307 (Oxford,
1988); J. Riley-Smith, The First Crusaders (Cambridge, 1997);
C. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 1095-1588 (Chicago,
1988); for the papal hegemony theory, see H. C. Lea, A History of Auricular
Confession and Indulgences in the Latin Church, 3 vols., Volume III:
Indulgences (Philadelphia, 1896) and W. E. Lunt, ed. Papal
Revenues in the Middle Ages. 2 vols. (New York, 1934) or
his Financial Relations of the Papacy with England to 1327
(Cambridge, Mass., 1939), and for a particularly blatant rendition, R.
B. Ekelund, R. F. Hébert, R. D. Tollison, G. M. Anderson, and A.
B. Davidson, Sacred Trust: The Medieval Church as an Economic Firm
(Oxford, 1996).
Themes associated with the crusades: for pilgrimage, see
J. Sumption, Pilgrimage: An image of Medieval Religion (1975);
for the theory of holy war and the concepts of knighthood in service of
the church and knightly piety, see K. Erdmann, The Origin of the Idea
of the Crusade, trans. M. W. Baldwin and W. Goffart (Princeton UP,
1977) and M. Bull, Knightly Piety and the Lay Response to the
First Crusade (Oxford, 1993); for the Peace of God and Truce of God,
see H. E. J. Cowdrey, "The Peace and Truce of God in the Eleventh Century,"
in Past and Present 46 (1970), and more recently, T. Head and R.
Landes, eds., The Peace of God. Social Violence and Religious
Response in France around the Year 1000 (Ithaca/London, 1992);
for material on indulgences in English, see Sumption above; B. Poschmann,
Penance and the Anointing of the Sick, trans. and rev. T.
Courtney (Freiburg/London, 1964); and H. C. Lea, A History of Auricular
Confessions and Indulgences in the Latin Church, 3 vols., Volume
III: Indulgences (Philadelphia, 1986); for the legal and spiritual
privileges of the crusaders, J. A. Brundage, Medieval Canon Law and
the Crusader (Madison, 1966); for the preaching of the crusades,
see C. Maier, Preaching the Crusades: Mendicant Friars and the Cross
in the Thirteenth Century (Cambridge, 1994) and P. Cole, The Preaching
of the Crusades to the Holy Land, 1095-1270 (Cambridge, Mass.,
1991); for criticism of the crusades, E. Siberry, Criticism of Crusading
(Oxford, 1985).
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